Books like A history of Saudi Arabia by Madawi Al-Rasheed

"Sardar unravels the meaning and significance of Mecca. Tracing its history from its origins as a barren valley in the desert to its evolution as a trading town and sudden emergence as the religious center of a world empire, Sardar examines the religious struggles and rebellions in Mecca that have significantly shaped Muslim culture ... [in a] blend of history, reportage, and memoir"--Amazon.com.

For the non-Muslim, Mecca is the most forbidden of Holy Cities - and yet, in many ways it is the best known. Muslim historians and geographers have studied it, and countless pilgrims and travelers - many of them European Christians in disguise - have left behind lively and well-publicized accounts of life in Mecca and its associated shrine-city of Medina, where the Prophet lies buried. The stories of all these figures, holy men and heathens alike, come together in this book to offer a remarkable literary portrait of the city's traditions and urban life and of the surrounding area. Closely following the publication of F. E. Peters's The Hajj (Princeton, 1994), which describes the perilous pilgrimage to Mecca from the travelers' perspectives, this collection of writings and commentary completes the historical travelogue. . The accounts begin with the Muslims themselves, in the patriarchal age of Abraham and Ishmael, and trace the sometimes glorious and sometimes sad history of Islam's central shrine down to the last Grand Sharif of Mecca, Husayn ibn Ali, whose fragile kingdom was overtaken by the House of Sa'ud in 1926. Because of chronic flooding and constant rebuilding, there is little or no material evidence for the early history of Islam's holy cities. By assembling, analyzing, and fashioning these literary accounts of Mecca, however, F. E. Peters supplies us with a vivid sense of place and human interaction, much as he did in his widely acclaimed Jerusalem (Princeton, 1985).

The Siege of Mecca recounts the 1979 hijacking of Islam’s holiest shrine by Juhayman al‑Uteybi’s insurgents, the ensuing two‑week standoff, and the Saudi and international responses that reshaped Middle‑East politics.