Books like The Arrogance of race by George M. Fredrickson

Craig Steven Wilder exposes how America’s leading colleges—Harvard, Yale, Princeton and others—were funded by and complicit in slavery, revealing a hidden history of racism in higher education.

Ivan Hannaford’s *Race: The History of an Idea in the West* traces the evolving concept of race from ancient Greece to the twentieth century, exploring its roots in philosophy, science and pseudoscience and its impact on Western society.

A historian examines the racial classifications of white people in the United States during the 18th century, revealing the tenuous nature of racial identity.

"Are antisemitism and white supremacy manifestations of a general phenomenon? Why didn't racism appear in Europe before the fourteenth century, and why did it flourish as never before in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries? Why did the twentieth century see institutionalized racism in its most extreme forms? Why are egalitarian societies particularly susceptible to virulent racism? What do apartheid South Africa, Nazi Germany, and the American South under Jim Crow have in common? How did the Holocaust advance civil rights in the United States?". "George Fredrickson surveys the history of Western racism from its emergence in the late Middle Ages to the present. Beginning with the medieval antisemitism that put Jews beyond the pale of humanity, he traces the spread of racist thinking in the wake of European expansionism and the beginnings of the African slave trade. And he examines how the Enlightenment and nineteenth-century romantic nationalism created a new intellectual context for debates over slavery and Jewish emancipation."--BOOK JACKET.