Books like Metaphors We Live By by George Lakoff

Ludwig Wittgenstein’s seminal Posthumously published work where he revises and challenges key ideas from his earlier Tractatus, profoundly reshaping contemporary philosophy of language and logic.

Language consists of dispositions, socially instilled, to respond observably to socially observable stimuli. This book examines the linguistic mechanisms of objective reference. Topics covered include the difficulties involved in translation, the anomalies and conflicts implicit in our language's referential apparatus, the semantic problems connected with the imputation of existence, and the reasons for admitting or repudiating each of various categories of supposed objects. Conclusions reached include rejecting the notion of a language-transcendent "sentence-meaning", and meaningful studies in the semantics of reference can only be directed toward substantially the same language in which they are conducted. (From publisher's copy)

What do conservatives know that liberals don't? According to George Lakoff, they know that American politics is about morality and the family. Moral Politics takes a fresh look at how we think and talk about politics and shows that political and moral ideas develop in systematic ways from our models of ideal families. Lakoff reveals how family-based moral values determine views on such diverse issues as crime, gun control, taxation, social programs, and the environment. He shows why it is consistent for conservatives to oppose subsidies for the poor but endorse them for business, or for liberals to oppose the death penalty but support abortion. He also explains why liberal and conservative stances contain the constellations of policies they do. Drawing on studies showing that we think in terms of metaphorical concepts, Lakoff analyzes the language of political discourse and finds it rife with metaphors. He shows how both liberals and conservatives link morality to politics through the concept of family. But they diverge in their opposing ideas of what an ideal family is. Conservative metaphors are united by the concept of a patriarchal family in which the parent's role is to develop self-discipline in the child by enforcing strict rules. By contrast, liberals view caring interaction in the family as the most effective means of creating competent and responsible children.

Using cognitive science, George Lakoff argues that conservatives effectively employ emotional framing, shaping public opinion on key issues such as war and policy, while liberals often misread brain function, limiting their persuasive power.

Paul Ricoeur is widely regarded as one of the most distinguished philosophers of our time. In The Rule of Metaphor this intellectual giant of our age seeks 'to show how language can extend itself to its very limits, forever discovering new resonances within itself'. Recognizing the fundamental power of language in constructing the world we perceive, Ricoeur reveals the processes by which linguistic imagination creates and recreates meaning through metaphor. Taking further his acclaimed analysis of the power of myth and symbol, Ricoeur invites us to explore the many layers of language in order to rediscover what that meaning might be. A fruitful and insightful study of how language affects how we understand the world, this book is also an indispensable work for all those seeking to retrieve some kind of meaning in uncertain times.

George Lakoff argues that modern philosophy should be grounded in cognitive science, showing that our thoughts, language and moral concepts are largely shaped by embodied metaphors rather than abstract, disembodied reasoning.