Books like Three horsemen of the new apocalypse by Chaudhuri, Nirad C.

Jared Diamond explains how geography, biology, and human ingenuity shaped the world’s unequal societies in his Pulitzer‑winning study of civilization and social evolution.

Samuel P. Huntington’s seminal work explores how rising international tensions after the Cold War may be driven by clash among cultural civilizations, offering a detailed theoretical framework beyond his 1993 Foreign Affairs article.

In The End of History and the Last Man, Francis Fukuyama argues that liberal democracy will become the final form of human governance and examines the societal consequences of this inevitable transition.

Hannah Arendt’s seminal study charts the rise of totalitarianism from 19th‑century anti‑Semitism and European colonialism to the emergence of Nazi Germany and Stalinist Russia, examining propaganda, terror, and mass mobilization.

Jonathan Hickman's third volume in the Eisner‑nominated EAST OF WEST series shows a fragmented future‑scape of America as the world hurtles toward the apocalypse, with the Seven and the Four Horsemen reshaping destiny.

"The hundred-year history of modern art ..."

Polanyi's Great Transformation assesses the causes of capitalist instability in the mid twentieth century. The stability of the nineteenth century, he says, comes from four institutions: the gold standard, the liberal state, the balance of power, and the self-regulating market. Capitalism itself depends on treating as commodities three things which are in their essence not commodities: labor, land, and money. He deems these "fictitious commodities." Each of these three commodities is bought and sold in markets, but in fact are fundamentally different from ordinary commodities. Polanyi argues that capitalism's core institutions lead to an inherently unstable society that is increasingly forced to intervene in the disorder caused by markets in order to allow markets to continue to function. The transition from organic social values wherein human relations are privileged over exchange to modern capitalism is what Polanyi deems the "Great Transformation" that is the core feature of world capitalism.