Books like The Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes by Imre Lakatos

An investigative look at the dramatic, sometimes scandalous strategies scientists have employed—from drug use and mystical visions to outright fraud—to push the frontiers of discovery.

When first published in 1959, this book revolutionized contemporary thinking about science and knowledge. It remains the one of the most widely read books about science to come out of the twentieth century.

"Imre e io eravamo diversi nell'aspetto, nel carattere e nelle aspirazioni, tuttavia eravamo veramente grandi amici. Mi sentii devastato e furioso quando seppi che Imre era morto". Così Paul Feyerabend, dadaista, anarchico e libertario appassionato, ha ricordato Lakatos:"Quest'individuo eccessivo, sensibile, implacabile, autoironico e così umano". Le lezioni e le lettere qui riportate rappresentano la testimonianza di un confronto intellettuale tra i più significativi della Filosofia della scienza del Novecento. Schierati apparentemente su fronti opposti, Lakatos e Feyerabend - uno per il metodo e l'altro contro - potrebbero persino formare, al cospetto del loro Creatore, "una sola persona", come capita nel finale dei "Teologi" di Borges. Del resto, l'origine teologica dei criteri di razionalità scientifica è il punto di partenza che porta Lakatos e Feyerabend dalle questioni dell'impresa scientifica agli interrogativi filosofici di fondo, passando attraverso politica e diritto, società libera e tolleranza, individualismo e antiautoritarismo. Le lezioni di Lakatos costituiscono anche un'introduzione ai problemi della filosofia della scienza perfettamente accessibile al non specialista; mentre le tesi di Feyerabend e lo scambio epistolare rivelano come il gusto per l'indagine spregiudicata rappresenti il miglior antidoto al conformismo degli accademici e dei politici di professione.

The results, conclusions and claims of natural science are often taken to be reliable because they arise from the use of a distinctive method. Yet today, there is widespread scepticism as to whether we can validly talk of method in modern science. This outstanding new survey explains how this controversy has developed since the seventeenth century and explores its philosophical basis. Questions of scientific method are discussed through key figures such as Galileo, Bacon, Newton, Bayes, Mill, Poincare, Duhem, Popper, and Carnap. The concluding chapters contain stimulating discussions of attacks on the idea of scientific method by key figures such as Kuhn, Lakatos, and Feyerabend. Essential reading for students of the history and philosophy of science. Scientific Method will also appeal to anyone with an interest in what philosophers say about science.

This study provides a brief survey and accessible guide to the most important aspects of the Scientific Revolution. As well as considering the development of the mathematical and experimental approaches to an understanding of the natural world, it looks at the crucial role of magical traditions in the origins of modern science and the importance of the Christian world-view in the shaping of the scientific endeavour. Written with the non-scientist in mind, it does not dwell on technical details but seeks to show the social, cultural, and intellectual factors which shaped the development of science in its formative stage and prepared the way for the predominance of science in modern Western culture. Taking account of the latest developments in our understanding of this vital aspect of European history, it is also a useful guide to more detailed literature for students and other interested readers.

The Structure of Scientific Revolutions by Thomas S. Kuhn.